A Russian court on Thursday overturned its decision to fine the co-chair of the Nobel-Prize-winning group Memorial for discrediting Russian forces, opening up the possibility that the veteran rights defender could be jailed.Since Russian President Vladimir Putin dispatched Russian forces to Ukraine nearly two years ago, Moscow has jailed or forced into exile the country’s most prominent rights defenders and shuttered leading advocacy groups.The Moscow city court said on Thursday it was handing the case against Memorial co-chair Oleg Orlov back to prosecutors so they could present a new argument.Orlov was fined in October for saying Russian soldiers were committing “murder” in Ukraine and Russia had returned to “totalitarianism”.The prosecution appealed against the fine and asked for Orlov to serve three years in jail instead. “The overall conduct of the prosecutor’s office shows that we won the case, because in the court of first instance they could not prove anything or present it as a serious proof that they were right,” Orlov told AFP following Thursday’s court session. Orlov was found guilty and fined 150,000 rubles ($1,670) in October. His sentence was relatively light, compared to the long jail terms handed to other critics of the conflict.- Russian turn to ‘totalitarianism’ -The 70-year-old proclaimed his innocence and appealed against the ruling. But the prosecution also appealed against the sentence after the verdict was read out, and asked the judge to instead put Orlov in jail.Memorial criticised the court’s decision on social media, saying the outcome was “exactly what the prosecutor’s office requested”.Prosecutors, who accused Orlov of harbouring “political and ideological hatred” of Russia, had at first requested the fine rather than prison time because of Orlov’s age and health. They had brought charges against him for organising one-man protests and writing an opinion piece in French media.In the article, Orlov said Russian troops were committing “mass murder” in Ukraine and that his country had “slipped back into totalitarianism”.  His argument was informed by the extensive knowledge of Soviet-era repression that he gained as co-chair of Memorial, an NGO that preserved the collective memory of the Soviet Union.  Orlov joined Memorial in the late 1980s when it was being set up to document Soviet-era crimes. The group went on to become one of the pillars of Russian civil society and received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2022, jointly with a Belarusian human rights advocate and a Ukrainian rights organisation. Orlov worked on rights abuses in military conflicts, particularly Russia’s two wars in Chechnya in the 1990s.- ‘Obliged’ to speak up -He was part of a group who in 1995 swapped themselves for hostages taken by Chechen fighters and were eventually released. He was abducted, beaten and threatened with execution by a group of masked gunmen in Ingushetia, bordering Chechnya, in 2007. After serving two years in the mid-2000s on Russia’s presidential human rights council, Orlov became an active opponent to Putin. Having dedicated much of his life to documenting rights abuses, Orlov remained vocal after the Kremlin launched its fully-fledged assault on Ukraine in February 2022.”Some may tell themselves that it is better to be silent. But my entire previous life and my position obliged me not to be,” Orlov told AFP in an interview ahead of his trial. He has been accompanied to hearings by Dmitry Muratov, founder and editor-in-chief of Novaya Gazeta and himself a winner of the 2021 Nobel Peace Prize.Muratov had joined his friend’s defence team, which sought to highlight flaws in the Russian judicial system.The charges against Orlov stem from new legislation the Kremlin has used to prosecute critics of its campaign in Ukraine after an outburst of protests in the early days of the conflict.Thousands of Russians have been detained, jailed or fined for opposing the conflict.bur/gil